Current Issue : April-June Volume : 2010 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 23 Articles
The ethanol extract of the rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic effect was studied using modified Eddy’s hot plate method, while the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats at different dose level 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg. The results of the study showed that the anti inflammatory potency of the extracts was compared with standard indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The ethanol extract showed significant reduction of edema in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The result indicated that the extracts exhibited dose dependent effect on inflammation i.e. 22.45%, 35.62% and 39.03% inhibition at doses level of 100 mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. While ethanolic extract of C. orchioides were investigated for antinociceptive activity using modified Eddy’s hot plate method in albino wistar rats at different time intervals, 15, 30, 60, 120 min. Asprin dose (100mg/kg) was used as a reference. Ethanolic extract showed antinociceptive effect significantly increased the reaction time in hot-plate test throughout the observation period of 120 min. The 500 mg/kg dose of ethanolic extract showed maximum antinociceptive as well as anti-inflammatory effect than 100 and 300 mg/kg doses. The effect of ethanolic extract was found in dose dependent manner in both activities (P < 0.01). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. The results showed that the extract contains some pharmacologically active principles and lend pharmacological credence to the ethnomedical use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions....
The anthelmintic potential of various extract of Gymnema sylvestre and Swertia chirata were evaluated taking Indian adult earthworms as models (Pheretima posthuma). Two concentrations (20mg/ml, 40mg/ml) of each extract were tested and results were expressed in terms of time taken for paralysis and death of the worms. Piperazine citrate (20mg/ml) was used as standard drug and normal saline as control. Both the plant extracts showed anthelmintic activity among which the methanolic extract of G. sylvestre was found to be more potent (paralysis 2.66 ± 0.30min, death 5.83 ± 0.30min) at a concentration of 40mg/ml. phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and flavonoids which may be responsible for the anthelmintic potential of the above plants....
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial property and phytochemical analysis of Mollugo nudicaulis. Different organic solvent extracts such as Hexane, Methanol Acetone, Ethanol and Petroleum ether of this plant were evaluated for its antibacterial activity using standardized procedure and methodologies. Both gram positive and gram negative organisms were screened.The results showed that, the different organic solvent extracts of varying concentrations (25µl, 50 µl, 75 µl and 100µl/disc) showed concentration dependent activity. All the organisms exhibited inhibitory activity in the higher concentration of the extracts tested. Phytochemical analysis was performed to detect the presence of secondary metabolites present in the plant extracts which may be responsible for inhibitory activity....
Phyllanthus niruri & Phyllanthus maderapatensis belongs to the family euphorbiaceae were screened to evaluate invitro antifungal activity against selected human pathogenic fungi which includes Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antifungal index of the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts with various concentration of selected plants were determined by agar diffusion method against test human fungal pathogens. With the increase in concentration of various extracts, antifungal activity also increased. An attempt has been made to compare the spectrum of inhibition of Phyllanthus species to that of standard antifungal drugs (clotrimaxazole and Nystatin). In addition , Phytochemical Screening of leaves, stem, root and seed extracts of the selected plants were also tested. The present investigation shows that antifungal activity of selected plants and the presence of potential bioactive components that may be of used for the development of phytomedicine for the therapy of tested fungal diseases. Further, from the present study the effective biomolecule which act as antifungal have to be identified, isolated and subjected to extensive scientific and pharmacological screening which led to be the source for new drugs. The activity can be increased further by genetic engineering methodology....
Ocimum sanctum, an Indian medicinal plant, has been studied for its role in diabetes and its effect on lipid profile. This study was conducted to elucidate whether treatment of Ocimum sanctum Leaf extract after streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetes has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidaemic action or not. The experiment involved four groups of rat; one group was control group, second diabetic control, third diabetic group received alcoholic extract of OS and fourth diabetic group received glibenclamide as a reference standard. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed before induction of diabetes. Blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture for glucose estimation, and to evaluate serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol levels. The results show that blood glucose level rather than decreasing, were significantly elevated after the treatment. Serum lipid profile parameters such as total-cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also elevated, whereas, the level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic rat. Ethanolic extract of OS after induction of diabetes, normalized lipid profile. It can be concluded that STZ-induced hyperglycaemia can not ameliorated by treatment with ethanolic extract of OS. OS ethanolic leaves extract after diabetic induction, reverses dyslipidaemia and partially protects liver function....
Objectives: - To study the effects of Green Tea (GT) on serum lipids and atherogenesis in rats. Methods: Hypercholesterolemia was induced in normal rats by administering coconut oil and Vanaspathi ghee orally along with normal food in the ratio of 2:3 v/v at 10 ml/kg body weight. Then hypercholesterolemic groups were given Green Tea infusion 1.8 gm/kg/day at a volume of 10 ml/kg/day for 8 weeks. The effects of green tea were compared with that of simvastatin, which was also given to other group of rats at 1.8 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. A combination of both green tea and simvastatin was also given to another group of rats. After end of 8 weeks blood samples collected for serum lipid profile using standard method. Statistical analysis used: One way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparison tests. Results: Rats given GT with normal diet showed significant increase in HDL and decrease in LDL, but no significant reduction in AI. Rats fed with HFD showed significant increase in TC, TG, LDL and AI while decrease in HDL in comparison to normal. Concurrent administration of GT with HFD showed significant decrease in TC, TG, LDL and AI while increase HDL levels, but somewhat less effectively than that of Simvastatin. Combination showed more effectiveness than Simvastatin and GT alone. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that GT has potent anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-atherogenic property in hypercholesterolemic rats, with potential to raise HDL in normal rats. It has synergistic action with Simvastatin....
A major factor that has stimulated interest in antimicrobial finishes using natural sources has been the current vogue that promotes natural and eco-friendly lifestyle. Numerous surveys on antimicrobial medicinal plants had been made in many countries throughout the world. Such study had demonstrated the wide occurrences of active compounds in higher plants. During the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of the world. Plants were frequently used in therapeutics from times immemorial. The documentation of therapeutic utility of plants can be seen from the Vedic period. Now a day’s therapeutic utility of many more plants has been identified. The present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf, root and fruit of Passiflora foetida L against various severe pathogenic microorganism like Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus circulans. The present study proves that the Passiflora foetida extractions (Ethanol and Ethyl acetate) have broad spectrum activity and very effective against both gram positive and gram negative organisms....
The purpose of this study was to characterize the antioxidant activity of 70% hydro-ethanolic extract prepared from the tuberous roots of Pueraria tuberosa Roxb.ex Willd. DC (PTE) using in vitro and in vivo experiments in rats. Material and methods: Presence of purerin, an isoflavone on PTE was quantified by HPTLC and standardized. The total phenolic content in PTE was calculated as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and reducing power as ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE). Anti-radical activity of PTE was examined as IC50 values using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while, lipid peroxidation inhibition of PTE was assessed as IC50 values in rat brain homogenate. The effect of PTE (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. for 5 days) on brain lipid peroxidation and catalase in rats during hypoxia (30 min) were assessed spectrophotometrically. Results: HPTLC analysis revealed high content of isoflavone (purerin>6mg/g PTE). Remarkable phenolic content (GAE>5 µg/mg PTE), strong reducing ability (AAE>4mg/g PTE), anti-radical activity (IC50<32µg PTE) and lipid peroxidation (IC50<0.06µg PTE) was noted. Moreover, PTE significantly enhanced catalase (p<0.01) concentration and lowered the MDA formation (p<0.01) in brain during hypoxia induced stress in rats. Conclusion: The results indicated that tuberous root of Pueraria tuberosa for the utilization as significant source of natural antioxidant and to combat hypoxic stress....
The present study is aimed to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid content and to evaluate the antioxidant property by deoxy ribose assay for detecting the hydroxyl radical scavenging property using ascorbic acid as the standard. Antiinflammatory study was estimated by HRBC method. The hydroxyl scavenging activity of the ethanolic tuber extract of Dioscorea bulbifera Linn tuber was evaluated and it was found to be potent when compared with the standard ascorbic acid. The total phenolic content was found to be 77mg/g of extract calculated as gallic acid equivalent and total flavonoids as 29mg/g of extract as rutin equivalent. The ethanolic extract of tuber at a concentration of 250µg/ml shown potent anti inflammatory activity on comparison with standard drug Diclofenac Sodium....
Mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves were examined for cholesterol-lowering and HDL-raising effect in STZ-diabetic rats. Treatment with dried mulberry leaf powder for a period of 8 weeks was remarkably beneficial as evidenced by controlled hyperlipidemia commonly seen in STZ-diabetic rats. Mulberry leaves countered (reversed) the abnormalities in lipids as indicated by significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and plasma free fatty acids by 45, 10, 33 and 22 % respectively in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats which were characterized by significantly (p<0.01) raised levels of triglycerides (144%), phospholipids (17%), cholesterol (41%) and free fatty acids (46%) compared to the normal control rats. A marked increase in fecal bile acids (23%) was recorded in mulberry treated -diabetic rats compared to the untreated-diabetic group. In addition, mulberry supplementation significantly lowered LDL-C (68%) and VLDL-C (43%) levels and increased HDL-C (54%) and also altered atherogenic index (-56%) significantly when compared to the diabetic control group. Besides diabetic rats, mulberry supplementation could influence almost all the lipid parameters in normal rats. Cholesterol-lowering and HDL-raising effect of mulberry leaves is evident from the data....
Alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa L. (Haldi) was evaluated for its antipyretic activity on Escherichia coli induced pyrexia in albino rats. The alcoholic extract of Curcuma longa was administered (600 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally), one hour after administration of E. coli organism. The change in temperature was from 37.11°C to 37.28, 37.4 and 38.15°C at first, second and third hour of administration of Curcuma longa, respectively. The changes were significant at second and third hours of administration, however at first hour the change was non significant as compared to control. The C. longa was found to be less potent than standard antipyretic drug Paracetamol (100 mg/kg b.w., I/P)....
The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic stem-bark extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata was evaluated in experimentally induced acute and chronic inflammation in Wistar rats using carrageenin paw edema (acute) and cotton pellet granuloma (chronic) models of inflammation. The % decrease in paw edema, activites of ALT, AST and acid phosphatase in acute and chronic models, and GGT, liver lipid peroxides and reduced glutathione in chronic model were measured. Erythrocyte membrane stabilization test was conducted and the percent membrane stabilization of RBC was calculated. The test herb and the standard drug diclofenac significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentration of ALT and AST, GGT, acid phosphatase in serum and lipid peroxides in liver and increased the GSH concentration. The ethanolic extract of B. ovalifoliolata exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic models of inflammation....
Luffa echinata Roxb. belongs to family Cucurbitaceae considered to be useful in variety of ailments. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of methanolic extract of L. echinata fruits. In order to find out the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract carrageenan induced paw edema in carrageenan induced edema method was carried out. The analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing, Eddy’s hot plate and tail flick methods. The extract (20 mg/kg body weight) showed significant inhibition (64-157% inhibition, p<0.01) of paw edema and the effect was comparable to standard drug Nimesulide (20 mg/kg body weight) (22-85% inhibition, p<0.01). Further, The extract showed significant increase in reaction time in eddy’s hot plate and tail flick method which indicate the extract may act centrally, moreover in acetic acid induced writhing method, the extract showed significant decrease in number of writhes which suggest peripheral action of the extracts. The Analgesic activity was comparable to the standard drugs Tramadol (25 mg/kg, body weight) and Aspirin (50 mg/kg, body weight). These results suggested that L. echinata have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity....
In the present study, methanolic extract of Ipomoea reniformis herb (Underkani) (MEIR) in acute model of inflammation was assessed in rats. Administration of MEIR (200, 400 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. In acute inflammation as produced by Carrageenan 36.38% and 41.80% protection was observed. MEIR did not show any sign of toxicity and mortality up to a dose level of 1000 mg/kg, p.o. in rats. The results obtained suggest that the methanolic extract of Ipomoea reniformis herb (MEIR) is endowed with effective anti-inflammatory activity mediated via either by inhibition of cyclooxygenase cascade or by blocking the release of vasoactive substances (histamine, serotonin and kinins). These findings seem to justify the use of the plant in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of inflammation, including arthritic conditions....
Objective: Evaluation of the efficacy of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus in urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol on Wistar rats. Methods: Ethylene glycol (0.75%) in drinking water was fed to induce urolithiasis for 28 days on Wistar rats. The effect of oral administration of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been studied by analysis of different elements in urine, serum and kidney homogenate sample and is also compared with the effect of oral administration of Cystone as standard drug on Wistar rats. Results: Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Supplementation with methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on endogenous oxalate synthesis. Conclusion: The results indicate that the root of Hemidesmus indicus is endowed with antiurolithiatic activity....
Acacia catechu (Family Leguminose) is an important Indian medicinal plant, traditionally used to treat inflammations, skin diseases and urinary disorders, recommends its use as a blood purifier, in diseases caused by lipid disorders. Preliminary Phytochemical screening of the plant showed the presence of high amount of phenolics, tannins and alkaloids. High amount of tannins and phenolics prompted us to evaluate its antioxidant activity. We studied the antioxidant activity of Acacia catechu whole plant in three in vitro models: Anti-lipid peroxidation, Superoxide scavenging activity and measurement of reducing power. Ethyl acetate extract of Acacia catechu showed a very good Anti-lipidperoxidation activity (IC50- 47.71g/ml) compared with standard Ascorbic acid (IC50 -50.90 g/ml) and superoxide scavenging activity (IC50-29.88 g/ml) compared with Ascorbic acid (IC50-38.54g/ml) in a dose-dependent manner. The extract showed dose-dependent reduction ability (Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation) with a maximum absorbance of 0.232 at a concentration of 80µg/ml of the extract....
The present study was aimed to evaluate antidiabetic activity of the Ruellia tuberosa (Acanthaceae) in nicotinamide-strerptozotocin (NAD-STZ) induced type-II diabetes in wistar albino rats. The methanolic extract stem and root were studied at three dose level (200mg/ kg, 300mg/ kg 400 mg/ kg), administered for 15 days. The Metformin (15mg/kg) was used as positive control. Serum glucose levels were estimated by on 0, 10th and 15th day of the treatment. The serum cholesterol and HDL levels were estimated in all groups and compared against diabetic control group. The methanol extract of stem and root were showed a significant reduction of serum glucose level and total cholesterol level in diabetic rats on 15th day of treatment when compared against diabetic control groups (p < 0.05). HDL cholesterol levels were also improved in the treated diabetic rats. It is concluded that the R. tuberosa stem and root both possess antidiabetic activity in nicotinamide- strerptozotocin induced type –II diabetic rats and further studies are suggested to isolate the active principle responsible for the activity....
Migraine can be a challenging disease to diagnose because it is a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms that are subjective and verifiable only by the patient. Although migraine is a common disorder, there is no specific blood test that can confirm its diagnosis. This review deals with the medicinal herbs, ayurvedic medicine, allopathic dugs and other treatment of migraine in India and their earlier investigation. Because of the fact that the allopathic drugs have more side effects, there has been an increase in demand for the phytopharmaceutical products of herbal and ayurveda in Western countries. Many pharmaceutical companies are now concentrating on manufacturing of ayurvedic Medicines for treating migraine. Different type of plant parts used for the Ayurvedic formulation; overall out line of those herbal scenario and its market potentials are also discussed. In India most of them, where Ayurvedic treatment is frequently used, for their ailments and provides instructions to local people how to prepare medicine from the herbs....
Pharmacognostic investigation and determination of some of physical constants of the stem and powdered whole plant Viscum articulatum Burm.f. Materials and Methods: The stem and dried coarsely powdered whole plant Viscum articulatum Burm.f. was used for macroscopic and microscopic diagnostic evaluation using Motic microscope. Determination of quantitative standards and preliminary phytochemical screening were done as per the standard guideline of World health organization. Results: Observation of organoleptic characters confirmed that Viscum articulatum Burm. f. was a leafless, much branched, hemiparasitic shrub. The transverse section of stem shown to consist of epidermis covered with cuticle as well the presence of the parenchymatous cells, lignified fibres, calcium oxalate crystals and vascular bundles. The microscopical examination of powdered whole plant has also shown the presence of lignified fibres, vascular bundle, starch grains, epidermis and parenchyma. The results of analytical parameters of powdered whole plant material were total ash-11.45% w/w, water soluble ash-2.9 %w/w, acid insoluble ash-0.5 %w/w, loss on drying- 6.4 % w/w and water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 28.72 % w/w and 13.76 % w/w respectively. The qualitative chemical tests of powdered whole plant revealed the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and glycosides. Conclusion: The present study might be helpful for identification and standardization parameters of specific species of Viscum articulatum Burm.f....
Luffa cylindrica (LC) is an annual climbing crop with a long history of traditional medicinal uses in many countries, especially in the tropical & subtropical regions. The plant has been known from ancient times for its curative properties & has been utilized for treatment of various elements such as toothache, pharyngitis, rhinitis, mastitis, oedema, swellings, burns, cold, asthma, blood disorders, migraine, liver diseases, skin disorders and as antitumour, cathartic, emetic and diuretic. A wide range of chemical constituents such as tannins, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids has been isolated from this species. Various extracts of LC have been reported to possess pharmacological activities such as ribosome inactivating, antiproliferative, teratogenic, anti-tumour, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, oxytocic, antiallergic and antiviral activity. This contribution provides comprehensive review for ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents & the pharmacological profile of LC as medicinal plant. The objective of this review is to show the potentialities of LC that is virtually found around the globe. Recent major advances and discoveries will be considered....
Herbal drugs have great growth potential in the global market today. The review focus on Ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), a promising medicinal herb extensively used in traditional medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Many biological activities of ginger have come in to light as the research progress. Current research has focused on its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antiulcer and insecticidal properties. This review summarizes our current knowledge of pharmacological actions, preclinical studies, major bioactivities, reported mechanisms of actions, clinical efficacy, safety, possibility of interactions with the conventional drugs, along with research updates on the herb and the avenues for further research. The wide therapeutic potential of the herb justifies further clinical research to evaluate more precisely the favourable effects in order to explore its new areas of therapeutic applications. In addition, checking for its safety and its potential of interactions with various drugs become imperative....
The genus “Calotropis” includes about 2000 species under the family “Asclepideaceae” (Apocynaeace). There are nearly 280 species in India, especially, in the all dirty place an altitude of more than 500-1300 m. scientific information on their Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology are very scant. Hence, the current study describes whole plant of one of those species namely Calotropis gigantean Linn The samples for research were collected from Pratap nagar, Udaipur, India and authentificated by depts. botany, Nagpur University Nagpur and then subjected for morphological, and physicochemical analysis. The parameters from the above were recorded with an objective of drawing an attention on those populations as well as a reference for further scientific investigations....
Mangroves are a special category of vascular plants of potential medicinal value. Mangrove plants occur in saline coastal habitats. Some mangroves are utilized for a wide range of disease conditions and are widely utilized in folklore medicine. These specialized plants are able to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Many of the mangrove species are a rich source of various important phytoconstituents of therapeutic significance. The methanolic extract of various species of mangroves showed significant antimitotic effect when tested in Allium cepa root tips. The roots of Allium cepa showed inhibition of mitosis when treated with methanolic extract of mangroves and standard Vinblastine sulphate for 3 hours in a concentration range of 100 to 1000 μg/ml. The present study revealed that methanolic extract of various species of mangroves such as A.ilicifolius and S.caseolaris and Standard Vinblastine sulphtae inhibited mitosis to the extent of 60% , 17 % and 75 % respectively at 1000 μg/ml....
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